"Burning of the Books" by Bertolt Brecht | Short Exam Notes

Ring of a Parable

Parabolic telling here,
  • why Power and Poetry always Suspect and Dread each other.
Dragging caravan of books, writer's flying.

Writer doubly misunderstood 
  • Banishes him - getting his message wrong.
  • Reading as mere fiction, another word for lies.
The poem dramatizes a confrontation that is Old and Proverbial.

Book with harmful knowledge - publicly burned.

Oxen - drag - cartloads of books.

A banished writer - one of the best 
Shocked -  his book has been passed over.

Wing of wrath - "Burn Me!", "Flying pen!" 
"Haven't my books always reported the truth?"

Treating me like a Liar.

I command you: Burn Me!




The Open Window by Saki | Short Exam Notes


A Story of Deception

STRUCTURE
  • A story within a story.
  • The larger Frame Narrative is that of Mr. Nuttel’s arrival at Mrs. Sappleton’s house.
  • Within this the next story.


SYMBOLS
  • The open window – a symbol
  • Mrs. Sappleton’s anguish/ heartbreak.
  • Later becomes the sign of deceit itself.
  • A symbol of honesty cleverly being used as a symbol of deceit.


NARRATIVE STRUCTURE
  • Third person narrative, meaning that – action presented by a person who is not involved in the story.
  • This allows the narrator to present different views.
  • ‘Tall Tale’ – exaggerated.


THEMES
  • Appearances and Reality.
  • Deception.
  • Imagination
NOTE TO PONDER ON
  • Amusement and Shock being a good answer for nervous problem.

Oedipus Rex – Themes | Short Exam Notes


  • ·         Uncertainty of Human Destiny.
  • ·         The role of Fate.
  • ·         Spiritual Bankruptcy of the state.
  • ·         Excessive Power and Pride.
  • ·         The search for Final Truth.
  • ·         Sacrifice and Salvation.
  • ·         Wisdom through suffering.

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex | Short Exam Notes


 Plays an important part in the play.
·         Story revolves around two different attempts to change the course of fate.
  • Laius – Jocasta => attempts to kill Oedipus
  • Oedipus => flight from Corinth later on.
  • *in both the cases – Oracle’s prophecy comes true –regardless of actions.

·         The manner in which they (Oedipus – Jocasta) express their disbelief in oracles is ironic.
  • Jocasta – “oracles are powerless” , the very next scene she goes to pray to the same powers.

·         Trust in God – Trust in intelligence.
  • Oedipus trying to root out the truth, but irony,
  • (oracles + Oedipus intelligence) = same outcome.
  • *Jocasta says - “if he would have just left well enough alone, he would never have discovered the horrible workings of fate”
  • *His intelligence is what makes him great, yet it is also what makes him tragic.

·         Sphinx Riddle – he himself is the answer.
·         BEST EXAMPLE – IRONY
The frequent use of references to eyes, sight, light and perception throughout.
“sight” – 2 meanings – Oedipus blessed with the gift of perception, but blind to the truth.

TEIRESIAS
  • ·         Blind old man.
  • ·         Foreshadows Oedipus’ own future.
  • ·         The more Oedipus mocks his blindness, the more ironic he sounds to the audience.
  • ·         Understands the truth without the use of his sight.
  • ·         At the end, Oedipus becomes like Teiresias, who is blinded, but realizes the truth.
  •       A pre-presentation of the Oedipus at the end. 



Tragic Hero - Aristotle | Short Exam Notes





Aristotle outlined that a Tragic Hero
  • He must be "Better than we are", superior to the average man in some way.
  • Must evoke Pity and Fear - the best to do this is - if he is imperfect.
  • Mixture of Good and Evil - more compelling than a character who is merely good.
  • Suffers because of his Hamartia. 
  • In the midst of Irony.
  • Meets a Sad Ending, but gains Wisdom through Suffering.

A Perfect Tragedy - Aristotle | Short Exam Notes

According to Aristotle


A Tragedy 
must be an imitation of life,
in the form of a story,
that is complete in itself.

  • in other words, the story must be realistic and narrow in focus.
A Good Tragedy
  • Will evoke pity and fear in its viewers.
  • Causing the viewers to experience a feeling of catharsis.                    
  • purgation / purification 
  • viewers feeling elated
  • Hamartia / Tragic Flaw - important for tragedy.
  • Good tragedies are filled with irony.
  • A sad ending, but the Wisdom gained through Suffering.


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