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Exam Papers


Ethnography of Communication | SPEAKING model | Dell Hymes | Short Notes



  • Study of Communication within the background of social and cultural practices and beliefs.
  • Introduced by Dell Hymes in 1962: "Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication."
  • Understanding a language in an anthropological perspective. 

TWO MAIN PURPOSES
  1. To investigate directly the use of language in contexts of situations so as to discern patters proper to speech activity.
  2. To take as framework a community, exploring its unrestrained habits as a whole.

MODEL
  • Language cannot be studies in isolation.
  • Has to be studied in the wider context of cultural and social aspects.
  • It has a specific context, individual - cultural norms and beliefs.

"SPEAKING" Model

S - Setting and Scene - the physical location.

P - Participants - the people taking part.

E - Ends - purpose and outcome.

A - Act Sequence - the speech acts and the                   sequence.

K - Key - tone and manner.

I - Instrumentalities - the medium of communication.

N - Norms of interaction - rules of speech.

G - Genres - the type of speech, cultural context. 


Language Acquisition | Perspectives | Theories | Short Exam Notes



IMITATION THEORY 
  • David Crystal
  • Children learn language through copying and imitating others.
  • This is how children develop regional accents.

INNATENESS THEORY
  • Noam Chomsky
  • Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - Special brain mechanism that allows us to learn language.
  • All languages share a structure - universal grammar

COGNITION THEORY
  • Jean Piaget
  • A child must understand a word before they use it.
  • If they use a word to describe a feeling, such as "anger", they have to first understand what it is like to have that feeling.

INPUT THEORY
  • Similar to behaviourism  by B.F. Skinner.
  • Child directed Speech is the biggest influence to a child's language development.
  • Slow. high pitch, grammatical. 


Introduction to Language | What is Language? | Short Exam Notes




"A Noiseless Patient Spider" | Walt Whitman | Short Exam Notes





"The Second Coming" | W. B. Yeats | Modern Poetry | Short Exam Notes





Victorian Age | Literary Facts | Short Exam Notes




Monologues | Victorian Age | Short Exam Notes



Victorian Age | Pointers in Literature | Short Exam Notes



"Ulysses" | Alfred Lord Tennyson | Short Exam Notes



"Journey of the Magi" | T. S. Eliot | Short Exam Notes




"The Thought Fox" | Ted Hughes | Short Exam Notes




"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison" | Samuel Taylor Coleridge | Short Exam Notes



Study of Poetry | Matthew Arnold | Short Exam Notes




"Birches" | Robert Frost | Short Exam Notes



Raja Ram Mohan Roy | Contributions to Indian Journalism | Short Exam Notes



Romantic Movement | Literature | Short Exam Notes




"The Greater Romantic Lyric" | M. H. Abrams | Short Exam Notes



A Speech to a Christian Missionary | Red Jacket | Short Exam Notes





Renaissance and Humanism | Literature | Short Exam Notes





Psycho-Social Stages | Erik Erickson | Short Exam Notes



Salient Features of Indian Constitution | Short Exam Notes




Longinus - Sublime | Short Exam Notes