A. E. Housman (1859 - 1936) provides an empathetic expression of a person who is suffering with the feeling of guilt. And this feeling of guilt leads the person to bid farewell to his own surrounding and seclude himself . By allowing free flow of emotions out of the speaker in this ballad, Housman attains his purpose of providing this empathetic expression of a person suffering with fear and guilt.
"Farewell to barn and stack and tree,
Farewell to
Severn shore.
Terence, look your last at me,
For I come
home no more.”
"The sun burns on the half-mown hill,
By now the
blood is dried;
And Maurice amongst the hay lies still
And my knife
is in his side."
"My mother thinks us long away;
'Tis time the
field were mown.
She had two sons at rising day,
To-night
she'll be alone."
"And here's a bloody hand to shake,
And oh, man,
here's good-bye;
We'll sweat no more on scythe and rake,
My bloody
hands and I."
"I wish you strength to bring you pride,
And a love to keep you clean,
And I wish you luck, come Lammastide,
At racing on
the green."
"Long for me the rick will wait,
And long will
wait the fold,
And long will stand the empty plate,
And dinner
will be cold.”
*** *** *** ***
GLOSSARY
barn - a large cottage built in the farm for storage purposes.
stack - a heap of something. (probably, in this poem, it would be a heap of hay)
shore - the boundaries of the country side
half-mown - grass that has been left half-cut.
scythe - a tool used for
cutting crops such as grass or corn, with a long curved blade at the end of a
long pole attached to one or two short handles.
rake - an implement consisting of a pole with a toothed crossbar or
fine tines at the end, used especially for drawing together cut grass or
smoothing loose soil or gravel.
rick - a stack of hay, corn,
straw, or similar material, especially one formerly built into a regular shape
and thatched.
fold - a small enclosure for livestock (especially sheep or
cattle), which is part of a larger construction.
Severn Shore - a small village by the side of the River Severn, which is the longest river in the United Kingdom.
Lammastide - Lammas Day (Anglo-Saxon hlaf-mas, "loaf-mass"), is
a holiday celebrated in some English-speaking countries in the Northern
Hemisphere, usually between 1 August and 1 September. It is a festival to mark
the annual wheat harvest, and is the first harvest festival of the year.
BALLAD?
Considering the poem to be a ballad, it indeed carries few characteristics that are clearly making this poem to fall into this genre.
- The whole background of the poem arises from the country side, which also carries a story in it.
- Ballads are usually presented in dialogues to attain the conversational effect.
- We could also call ballads to be short stories in verse, which is obvious in the poem.
- The extensive use of colloquial language could be counted as another point that, the reason being that ballads have been passed down through the generations orally.
- Each stanza is set in the four-lines arrangement with a regular rhyming scheme throughout - abab, cdcd, efef...
BACKGROUND
A farewell. A painful farewell that someone is giving to his familiar surroundings. The sense of pain that "no more" creates clearly shows that this person is with the decision that he is not going to return. The reason for this sudden decision to leave his surrounding is a crime; a murder this person has committed without premeditation.
Probably an argument has erupted within siblings while they were at work, which has resulted in this murder; the reason being doubted as a triangular love affair. The brothers have fought for the same young mistress. It is also clear that the brothers have been together until this noon in which the fight had broken between them.
Thus, this person who is bidding farewell is in a shock not able to accept that he had done such a gruesome act. He addresses this ballad to the barn and stack and tree, his familiar surrounding, realizing the fact that he had just now killed the only companion who was there for him in this place.
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
"Farewell to barn and stack and tree,
Farewell to Severn shore.
Terence, look your last at me,
For I come home no more.”
While bidding farewell to his familiar surroundings, the speaker brings out the feeling of urgency in him. He bids farewell to his whole village, probably (Severn shore). And he requests his brother whom he has just killed, to look at him for the last time. The speaker here addresses to a third person referred by the name "Terence." Even though we are not sure about who this third person could be, by the words addressed to this Terence we understand that the speaker has decided not to return to this his own place. While we attempt to guess who this person could be, we may end up with conclusions which are depending on our perspectives. Either a neighbor, a friend of these siblings or the mistress for whom the brothers fought for. The first stanza itself provides this urgency and suspense which leads the reader to go further and inquire about this incident in the following stanzas.
"The sun burns on the half-mown hill,
By now the blood is dried;
And Maurice amongst the hay lies still
And my knife is in his side."
This is the first place where the reader realizes that this urgent bidding of farewell is followed by a a murder. The 'sun burn' being mentioned shows that it is probably noon time. While the 'half-mown hill' reminds us of the farming background and the country side, it is followed by an expression that it was a bloody murder, and it had happened somewhere early in the day, so that the blood is dried. The victim's name is introduced - Maurice. The name being mentioned than any other word to refer to the dead person in the midst of this feeling of guilt shows that they were very close to each other. It brings in that personal attachment the assailant had with the killed. And he had committed the murder with his knife, which he had left near the person in a hurry to evacuate from the place where he had murdered.
"My mother thinks us long away;
'Tis time the field were mown.
She had two sons at rising day,
To-night she'll be alone."
This stanza again proves the point that they are brothers; the murderer and the victim. The speaker remembers his family, his mother, and obviously he would have found it an impossible thing to face her ever again. He imagines with guilt how their mother would be waiting for her sons who had set out of home that morning to mow the fields. He goes further in empathizing the pain that their mother is going to go through. That morning their mother had two sons in her side, and today when the day ends one of her sons is killed and the other has gone far away, running away from home in fear and guilt, unable to face the consequences of what he has done. This stanza evokes in the reader, not just the feelings of the speaker, but also the feelings of their mother. It creates empathy.
"And here's a bloody hand to shake,
And oh, man, here's good-bye;
We'll sweat no more on scythe and rake,
My bloody hands and I."
Remembering the times he and his brother have worked together, shared moments of both accomplishments and failures, as men who live together under the same roof in the same family, the speaker is even unable to say a proper heart felt goodbye. He would have never expected to bud such a farewell to his own brother, with such blood stained hands. He remembers that those moments are not going to be there again.
"I wish you strength to bring you pride,
And a love to keep you clean,
And I wish you luck, come Lammastide,
At racing on the green."
"Long for me the rick will wait,
And long will wait the fold,
And long will stand the empty plate,
And dinner will be cold.”
The last two stanzas together, provide the great things that this speaker who is bidding farewell is going to miss in future. Both social and personal. As bids farewell, he remembers the festivals and the celebrations that he had been celebrating with his family. We are with a question here. Why would he "wish" something for the dead person? Especially for the Lammastide or the racing on the green? Probably it was the speakers imaginary thinking that his brother would at least enjoy ad cherish the same things in his life after death.
He remembers all that he is leaving behind and going and also remembers that it going to be a different life for him from now on. A different profession for survival, somewhere far away from home. To make it more personal, he is also with the fear that he would even end up somewhere without the basic necessities for his life. To show that his return is never possible, he mentions the "long wait." But the phrase also gives the reader a little bit of hope; a return after the suffering of guilt is over.
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